https://demo.dynamsoft.com/barcode-reader/

http://bangor.DSCloud.me:5000/sharing/rX50p7xog

https://tinyurl.com/2p8ku6zk

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/cs/c3cs60235d

“Green” electronics represents not only a novel scientific term but also an emerging area of research aimed at identifying compounds of natural origin and establishing economically efficient routes for the production of synthetic materials that have applicability in environmentally safe (biodegradable) and/or biocompatible devices. The ultimate goal of this research is to create paths for the production of human- and environmentally friendly electronics in general and the integration of such electronic circuits with living tissue in particular. Researching into the emerging class of “green” electronics may help fulfill not only the original promise of organic electronics that is to deliver low-cost and energy efficient materials and devices but also achieve unimaginable functionalities for electronics, for example benign integration into life and environment. This Review will highlight recent research advancements in this emerging group of materials and their integration in unconventional organic electronic devices.

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Endnote Format: Amer J Physics

sci-hub.do

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13 J. B. Pendry, “Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000).

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18 R. J. Potton, “Reciprocity in optics,” Reports on Progress in Physics 67, 717-754 (2004).

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48 Ashfaq Khan, Zengbo Wang, Mohammad A Sheikh, and Lin Li, “Laser Sub-Micron Patterning of Rough Surfaces by Micro-Particle Lens Arrays,” International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering (IJMMME) 1 (3), 9 (2011).

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50 M. S. Kim, T. Scharf, S. Muhlig, C. Rockstuhl, and H. P. Herzig, “Gouy phase anomaly in photonic nanojets,” Applied Physics Letters 98 (19), 191114 (2011).

51 Yongmin Liu and Xiang Zhang, “Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology,” Chemical Society Reviews 40, 2494 (2011).

52 Costas M. Soukoulis and Martin Wegener, “Past achievements and future challenges in the development of three-dimensional photonic metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 5, 524-530 (2011).

53 Zengbo Wang, Wei Guo, Lin Li, Boris Luk’yanchuk, Ashfaq Khan, Zhu Liu, Zaichun Chen, and Minghui Hong, “Optical virtual imaging at 50 nm lateral resolution with a white-light nanoscope,” Nat Commun 2, 218 (2011).

54 Z. B. Wang and L. Li, “White-light microscopy could exceed 50 nm resolution,” Laser Focus World 47 (7), 61-64 (2011).

55 Jon Cartwright, “Defeating diffraction,” Physics world 25 (5), 29-34 (2012).

56 A. Darafsheh, G. F. Walsh, L. Dal Negro, and V. N. Astratov, “Optical super-resolution by high-index liquid-immersed microspheres,” Applied Physics Letters 101 (14), 141128 (2012).

57 D. Lu and Z. Liu, “Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging,” Nat Commun 3, 1205 (2012).

58 D. McCloskey, J. J. Wang, and J. F. Donegan, “Low divergence photonic nanojets from Si3N4 microdisks,” Optics Express 20 (1), 128-140 (2012).

59 E. T. Rogers, J. Lindberg, T. Roy, S. Savo, J. E. Chad, M. R. Dennis, and N. I. Zheludev, “A super-oscillatory lens optical microscope for subwavelength imaging,” Nat Mater 11 (5), 432-435 (2012).

60 A. Vlad, I. Huynen, and S. Melinte, “Wavelength-scale lens microscopy via thermal reshaping of colloidal particles,” Nanotechnology 23 (28), 285708 (2012).

61 V. Yannopapas, “Photonic nanojets as three-dimensional optical atom traps: A theoretical study,” Opt Commun 285 (12), 2952-2955 (2012).

62 H. Guo, Y. Han, X. Weng, Y. Zhao, G. Sui, Y. Wang, and S. Zhuang, “Near-field focusing of the dielectric microsphere with wavelength scale radius,” Opt. Express 21 (2), 2434-2443 (2013).

63 X. Hao, X. Liu, C. Kuang, Y. Li, Y. Ku, H.Zhang, H. Li, and L. Tong, “Far-field super-resolution imaging using near-field illumination by micro-fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 013104 (2013).

64 Alexander V. Kildishev, Alexandra Boltasseva, and Vladimir M. Shalaev, “Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces,” Nat Mater 339, 1232009 (2013).

65 L. A. Krivitsky, J. J. Wang, Z. B. Wang, and B. Luk’yanchuk, “Locomotion of microspheres for super-resolution imaging,” Sci Rep-Uk 3, 3501 (2013).

66 S. Lee, L. Li, Z. Wang, W. Guo, Y. Yan, and T. Wang, “Immersed transparent microsphere magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects,” Applied optics 52 (30), 7265-7270 (2013).

67 Lin Li, Wei Guo, Yinzhou Yan, Seoungjun Lee, and Tao Wang, “Label-free super-resolution imaging of adenoviruses by submerged microsphere optical nanoscopy,” Light: Science & Applications 2 (9), e104 (2013).

68 Z.B. Wang, Y. Zhou, and Boris Luk’yanchuk, “Near-field focusing of dielectric microspheres: Super-resolution and field-invariant parameter scaling,” arXiv:1304.4139v2 (2013).

69 Hui Yang, Norman Moullan, Johan Auwerx, and Martin A. M. Gijs, “Super-Resolution Biological Microscopy Using Virtual Imaging by a Microsphere Nanoscope,” Small 10 (9), 1712–1718 (2013).

70 V.N. Astratov and A. Darafsheh, “Methods and systems for super-resolution optical imaging usinghigh-index of refraction microspheres and micro-cylinders,,” US patent application 2014/0355108 A1 published on December 4, 2014 (2014).

71 Arash Darafsheh, Nicholaos I. Limberopoulos, John S. Derov, Dennis E. Walker, and Vasily N. Astratov, “Advantages of microsphere-assisted super-resolution imaging technique over solid immersion lens and confocal microscopies,” Applied Physics Letters 104 (6), 061117 (2014).

72 Seoungjun Lee, Lin Li, and Zengbo Wang, “Optical resonances in microsphere photonic nanojets,” Journal of Optics 16 (1), 015704 (2014).

73 V. M. Sundaram and S. B. Wen, “Analysis of deep sub-micron resolution in microsphere based imaging,” Applied Physics Letters 105 (20) (2014).

74 Zengbo Wang, “Improvements in and Relating to Lenses,” PCT/GB2014/052578 (priority date: 2013-AUG-23) (2014).

75 Y. Yan, L. Li, C. Feng, W.Guo, S.Lee, and M.H.Hong, “Microsphere-Coupled Scanning Laser Confocal Nanoscope for Sub-Diffraction-Limited Imaging at 25 nm Lateral Resolution in the Visible Spectrum,” ACS Nano 8 (2), 1809-1816 (2014).

76 Hui Yang, Norman Moullan, Johan Auwerx, and Martin A.M. Gijs, “Super-resolution biological microscopy using virtual imaging by a microsphere nanoscope,” Small 10, 1712-1718 (2014).

77 Nanfang Yu and Federico Capasso, “Flat optics with designer metasurfaces,” Nat Mater 13, 139-150 (2014).

78 Kenneth W. Allen, Navid Farahi, Yangcheng Li, Nicholaos I. Limberopoulos, Dennis E. Walker, Augustine M. Urbas, Vladimir Liberman, and Vasily N. Astratov, “Super-resolution microscopy by movable thin-films with embedded microspheres: Resolution analysis,” Annalen der Physik 527 (7-8), 513-522 (2015).

79 Shandra J. Corbitt, Mathieu Francoeur, and Bart Raeymaekers, “Implementation of optical dielectric metamaterials: A review,” Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 158, 3-16 (2015).

80 Arash Darafsheh, Consuelo Guardiola, Averie Palovcak, Jarod C Finlay, and Alejandro Cárabe, “Optical super-resolution imaging by high-index microspheres embedded in elastomers,” Optics letters 40 (1), 5-8 (2015).

81 Y. E. Geints, A. A. Zemlyanov, and E. K. Panina, “Characteristics of photonic jets from microcones,” Opt Spectrosc+ 119 (5), 849-854 (2015).

82 Thanh Xuan Hoang, Yubo Duan, Xudong Chen, and George Barbastathis, “Focusing and imaging in microsphere-based microscopy,” Optics express 23 (9), 12337-12353 (2015).

83 Jacob B. Khurgin, “How to deal with the loss in plasmonics and metamaterials,” Nature Nanotechnology 10, 2-6 (2015).

84 B. S. Luk’yanchuk, N. V. Voshchinnikov, R. Paniagua-Dominguez, and A. I. Kuznetsov, “Optimum Forward Light Scattering by Spherical and Spheroidal Dielectric Nanoparticles with High Refractive Index,” Acs Photonics 2 (7), 993-999 (2015).

85 I. V. Minin, O. V. Minin, and Y. E. Geints, “Localized EM and photonic jets from non-spherical and non-symmetrical dielectric mesoscale objects: Brief review,” Annalen Der Physik 527 (7-8), 491-497 (2015).

86 I. V. Minin, O. V. Minin, V. Pacheco-Pena, and M. Beruete, “Localized photonic jets from flat, three-dimensional dielectric cuboids in the reflection mode,” Optics letters 40 (10), 2329-2332 (2015).

87 Feifei Wang, Hok Sum Sam Lai, Lianqing Liu, Pan Li, Haibo Yu, Zhu Liu, Yuechao Wang, and Wen Jung Li, “Super-resolution endoscopy for real-time wide-field imaging,” Optics express 23 (13), 16803-16811 (2015).

88 H. Yang, M. Cornaglia, and M. A. M. Gijs, “Photonic Nanojet Array for Fast Detection of Single Nanoparticles in a Flow,” Nano Letters 15 (3), 1730-1735 (2015).

89 Nikolay I. Zheludev, “Obtaining optical properties on demand,” Science 348, 973-974 (2015).

90 Haier Zhu, Bing Yan, Zengbo Wang, and Limin Wu, “Synthesis and super-resolution imaging performance of refractive-index-controllable microsphere superlens,” J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 10907-10915 (2015).

91 Alexander N. Cartwright, Dan V. Nicolau, Dror Fixler, V. N. Astratov, A. V. Maslov, K. W. Allen, N. Farahi, Y. Li, A. Brettin, N. I. Limberopoulos, D. E. Walker, A. M. Urbas, V. Liberman, and M. Rothschild, “Fundamental limits of super-resolution microscopy by dielectric microspheres and microfibers”, in Nanoscale Imaging, Sensing, and Actuation for Biomedical Applications XIII (2016).

92 W. Fan, B. Yan, Z. B. Wang, and L. M. Wu, “Three-dimensional all-dielectric metamaterial solid immersion lens for subwavelength imaging at visible frequencies,” Sci Adv 2 (8) (2016).

93 Saman Jahani and Zubin Jacob, “All-dielectric metamaterials,” Nature Nanotechnology 11, 23-36 (2016).

94 Jinxing Li, Wenjuan Liu, Tianlong Li, Isaac Rozen, Jason Zhao, Babak Bahari, Boubacar Kante, and Joseph Wang, “Swimming Microrobot Optical Nanoscopy,” Nano Letters 16, 6604-6609 (2016).

95 Yu Chao Li, Hong Bao Xin, Hong Xiang Lei, Lin Lin Liu, Yan Ze Li, Yao Zhang, and Bao Jun Li, “Manipulation and detection of single nanoparticles and biomolecules by a photonic nanojet,” Light: Science and Applications 5, 1-9 (2016).

96 C. Y. Liu and C. C. Li, “Photonic nanojet induced modes generated by a chain of dielectric microdisks,” Optik 127 (1), 267-273 (2016).

97 J. N. Monks, B. Yan, N. Hawkins, F. Vollrath, and Z. B. Wang, “Spider Silk: Mother Nature’s Bio-Superlens,” Nano Letters 16 (9), 5842-5845 (2016).

98 Feifei Wang, Lianqing Liu, Peng Yu, Zhu Liu, Haibo Yu, Yuechao Wang, and Wen Jung Li, “Three-dimensional super-resolution morphology by near-field assisted white-light interferometry,” Sci Rep-Uk 6, 24703 (2016).

99 F. F. Wang, L. Q. Liu, H. B. Yu, Y. D. Wen, P. Yu, Z. Liu, Y. C. Wang, and W. J. Li, “Scanning superlens microscopy for non-invasive large field-of-view visible light nanoscale imaging,” Nature Communications 7 (2016).

100 Z.B. Wang, “Microsphere super-resolution imaging”, in Nanoscience, edited by John Thomas Paual O Brien (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016), Vol. 3, pp. 193-210.

101 Hui Yang, Raphaël Trouillon, Gergely Huszka, and Martin AM Gijs, “Super-resolution imaging of a dielectric microsphere is governed by the waist of its photonic nanojet,” Nano Lett 16 (8), 4862-4870 (2016).

102 A. Bezryadina, J. X. Li, J. X. Zhao, A. Kothambawala, J. Ponsetto, E. Huang, J. Wang, and Z. W. Liu, “Localized plasmonic structured illumination microscopy with an optically trapped microlens,” Nanoscale 9 (39), 14907-14912 (2017).

103 Ivan Kassamakov, Sylvain Lecler, Anton Nolvi, Audrey Leong-Hoï, Paul Montgomery, and Edward Hæggström, “3D super-resolution optical profiling using microsphere enhanced Mirau interferometry,” Sci Rep-Uk 7 (1), 3683 (2017).

104 Boris S Luk’yanchuk, Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez, Igor Minin, Oleg Minin, and Zengbo Wang, “Refractive index less than two: photonic nanojets yesterday, today and tomorrow,” Optical Materials Express 7 (6), 1820-1847 (2017).

105 I. Mahariq, I. H. Giden, H. Kurt, O. V. Minin, and I. V. Minin, “Strong electromagnetic field localization near the surface of hemicylindrical particles,” Opt Quant Electron 49 (12) (2017).

106 Alexey V. Maslov and Vasily N. Astratov, “Optical nanoscopy with contact Mie-particles: Resolution analysis,” Applied Physics Letters 110 (26) (2017).

107 Fei Qin, Kun Huang, Jianfeng Wu, Jinghua Teng, Cheng‐Wei Qiu, and Minghui Hong, “A Supercritical Lens Optical Label‐Free Microscopy: Sub‐Diffraction Resolution and Ultra‐Long Working Distance,” Advanced Materials 29 (8), 1602721 (2017).

108 Zengbo Wang, “n=1.5 nano microsphere light focusing”, (2017), pp. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsEeVqjXSrg.

109 Zengbo Wang, “n=1.5 cylinder”, (2017), pp. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkmyQD55QuQ.

110 Bing Yan, Zengbo Wang, Alan L Parker, Yu-kun Lai, P John Thomas, Liyang Yue, and James N Monks, “Superlensing microscope objective lens,” Appl. Opt. 56 (11), 3142-3147 (2017).

111 Y. E. Geints, A. A. Zemlyanov, O. V. Minin, and I. V. Minin, “Systematic study and comparison of photonic nanojets produced by dielectric microparticles in 2D-and 3D-spatial configurations,” Journal of Optics 20 (6) (2018).

112 K. Huang, F. Qin, H. Liu, H. Ye, C. W. Qiu, M. Hong, B. Luk’yanchuk, and J. Teng, “Planar Diffractive Lenses: Fundamentals, Functionalities, and Applications,” Adv. Mater. 30 (26), e1704556 (2018).

113 C. Y. Liu, O. V. Minin, and I. V. Minin, “First experimental observation of array of photonic jets from saw-tooth phase diffraction grating,” Epl-Europhys Lett 123 (5) (2018).

114 Liyang Yue, Oleg V Minin, Zengbo Wang, James N Monks, Alexander S Shalin, and Igor V Minin, “Photonic hook: a new curved light beam,” Optics letters 43 (4), 771-774 (2018).

115 L. Y. Yue, B. Yan, J. N. Monks, R. Dhama, Z. B. Wang, O. V. Minin, and I. V. Minin, “Intensity-Enhanced Apodization Effect on an Axially Illuminated Circular-Column Particle-Lens,” Annalen Der Physik 530 (2) (2018).

116 L. Y. Yue, B. Yan, J. N. Monks, R. Dhama, Z. B. Wang, O. V. Minin, and I. V. Minin, “Photonic Jet by a Near-Unity-Refractive-Index Sphere on a Dielectric Substrate with High Index Contrast,” Annalen Der Physik 530 (6) (2018).

117 Zengbo Wang and Boris Luk’yanchuk, “Super-resolution imaging and microscopy by dielectric particle-lenses”, in Label-Free Super-Resolution Microscopy, edited by Vasily Astratov (Springer, 2019).

118 M. W. Tang, X. W. Liu, Z. Wen, F. H. Lin, C. Meng, X. Liu, Y. G. Ma, and Q. Yang, “Far-Field Superresolution Imaging via Spatial Frequency Modulation,” Laser Photonics Rev 14 (11) (2020).

Mingwei Tang, Xiaowei Liu, Zhong Wen, Feihong Lin, Chao Meng, Xu Liu, Yaoguang Ma, Qing YangFirst published: 03 September 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201900011Citations: 3SECTIONSPDFTOOLSSHARE

Abstract

The diffraction limit substantially impedes the resolution of the conventional optical microscope. Under traditional illumination, the high-spatial-frequency light corresponding to the subwavelength information of objects is located in the near-field in the form of evanescent waves, and thus not detectable by conventional far-field objectives. Recent advances in nanomaterials and metamaterials provide new approaches to break this limitation by utilizing large-wavevector evanescent waves. Here, a comprehensive review of this emerging and fast-growing field is presented. The current superresolution imaging techniques based on evanescent-wave-assisted spatial frequency modulation, including hyperlens, microsphere lens, and evanescent field-illuminated spatial frequency shift microscopy, are illustrated. They are promising in investigating unobserved details and processes in fields such as medicine, biology, and material research. Some current challenges and future possibilities of these superresolution methods are also discussed.

https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/topic-details/horizon-cl4-2021-twin-transition-01-03;callCode=null;freeTextSearchKeyword=photonics;matchWholeText=true;typeCodes=0,1,2;statusCodes=31094501,31094502,31094503;programmePeriod=null;programCcm2Id=null;programDivisionCode=null;focusAreaCode=null;destination=null;mission=null;geographicalZonesCode=null;programmeDivisionProspect=null;startDateLte=null;startDateGte=null;crossCuttingPriorityCode=null;cpvCode=null;performanceOfDelivery=null;sortQuery=sortStatus;orderBy=asc;onlyTenders=false;topicListKey=topicSearchTablePageState

General informationProgrammeHorizon Europe Framework Programme (HORIZON)CallTWIN GREEN AND DIGITAL TRANSITION 2021 (HORIZON-CL4-2021-TWIN-TRANSITION-01)See budget overview

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Type of actionHORIZON-RIA HORIZON Research and Innovation ActionsType of MGAHORIZON Action Grant Budget-Based [HORIZON-AG]

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Deadline modelsingle-stageOpening date22 June 2021Deadline date23 September 2021 17:00:00 Brussels timeOpen for submissionTopic descriptionExpectedOutcome:

Projects are expected to contribute to the following outcomes:

• Reinforcing European industry as leader in agile, green manufacturing through the application of laser-based technologies;
• Improving the agility of industrial production by making processes more versatile, simpler to reconfigure and more efficient to control through data exchange;
• Improving the environmental sustainability of industrial production towards ‘first-time right’ processes with 30% lower consumption of resources compared to the state of the art.

 Scope:

Machine tools include various laser-based technologies such as milling, turning, grinding, laser processing, surface treatment, sintering, forming and additive manufacturing. Projects funded under this topic should integrate state-of-the-art high-power lasers and tailored beams together with quality sensors and real time monitoring systems into advanced manufacturing and re-manufacturing tools.

Known research challenges are amongst others the transmission of very high average and peak power laser radiation without loss or distortion including in the ultraviolet, mid and far infrared spectral range, powerful optical fibres, programmable beam guidance, maximum positional flexibility, free choice of energy distribution, rapid quantitative feedback and beam distribution systems with sub-micrometre resolution and high performance. A further research challenge is the integration of quality sensors in laser-based manufacturing. These produce a vast amount of data with a need for dedicated signal processing. Edge devices with self-learning algorithms should be developed that can handle the computing requirements in the time required by the system to react with a feedback control action.

Project consortia should comprise research institutes, technology suppliers and users. They should demonstrate the benefits to the targeted technologies in at least three use cases.

Proposals submitted under this topic should include a business case and exploitation strategy, as outlined in the introduction to this Destination.

Research must build on existing standards or contribute to standardisation. Interoperability for data sharing should be addressed. Additionally, a strategy for skills development should be presented, associating social partners when relevant.

All projects should build on or seek collaboration with existing projects and develop synergies with other relevant European, national or regional initiatives, funding programmes and platforms.

This topic implements the co-programmed European Partnership Made in Europe and activities proposed by the Photonics Europe Partnership.Specific Topic Conditions:

Activities are expected to start at TRL 3-4 and achieve TRL 6 by the end of the project – see General Annex B.Cross-cutting Priorities:

Socio-economic science and humanities
Co-programmed European Partnerships
Co-programmed European Partnerships
show less…DestinationClimate neutral, circular and digitised production

This destination will directly support the following Key Strategic Orientations, as outlined in the Strategic Plan:

• KSO C, ‘Making Europe the first digitally led circular, climate-neutral and sustainable economy through the transformation of its mobility, energy, construction and production systems.’
• KSO A, ‘Promoting an open strategic autonomy by leading the development of key digital, enabling and emerging technologies, sectors and value chains to accelerate and steer the digital and green transitions through human-centred technologies and innovations.’
• KSO D, ‘Creating a more resilient, inclusive and democratic European society, prepared and responsive to threats and disasters, addressing inequalities and providing high-quality health care, and empowering all citizens to act in the green and digital transitions.’

Proposals for topics under this Destination should set out a credible pathway to the following expected impact of Cluster 4:

• Global leadership in clean and climate-neutral industrial value chains, circular economy and climate-neutral digital systems and infrastructures (networks, data centres), through innovative production and manufacturing processes and their digitisation, new business models, sustainable-by-design advanced materials and technologies enabling the switch to decarbonisation in all major emitting industrial sectors, including green digital technologies.

Accelerating the twin green and digital transitions will be key to building a lasting and prosperous growth, in line with the EU’s new growth strategy, the European Green Deal. Europe’s ability to lead the twin transitions will require new technologies, with investment and innovation to match. Research and innovation will be fundamental to create the new products, services and business models needed to sustain or enable EU industrial leadership and competitiveness, and to create new markets for climate neutral and circular products. The shift towards a sustainable and inclusive economic model will be further enabled by the broader diffusion and uptake of digital and clean technologies across key sectors.

As Europe transitions towards climate neutrality, some sectors will have to make bigger and more transformative changes than others, due to their centrality in a variety of value chains and their large potential contribution to emissions reductions. Activities under this Destination focus on the twin green and digital transition providing a green productivity premium to discrete manufacturing, construction and energy-intensive industries, including process industries. This will make an essential and significant contribution to achieving climate neutrality in the European Union by 2050, and to the achievement of a circular economy. It will also enhance the Union’s open strategic autonomy with regard to the underlying technologies. To achieve these goals, the activities in this Destination are complementary to those in Destination 2, which will enhance open strategic autonomy in key strategic value chains for a resilient industry.

The gross added value of the European manufacturing sector is EUR 2,076 billion (2019). The sector employs more than 30 million people in the Union and represents 22% of the world’s manufacturing output. The Union’s trade surplus in manufactured goods is EUR 421 billion (2019). Similarly, the construction ecosystem (driven mainly by SMEs) offers 22 million jobs and contributes 10.5% of EU-27 global value added[[‘Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a stronger Single Market for Europe’s recovery’, COM(2021)350 final and associated Staff Working Documents]]. However, the manufacturing and construction sectors must significantly reduce their pollution and waste, and increase their recycling. Moreover, the potential of digital technologies is underused in manufacturing industry, e.g. 12% of EU enterprises use big data technologies and only 1 out of 5 SMEs is highly digitised, and in construction, which remains one of the least digitised sectors with a notable underinvestment in R&D.[[The digital intensity of the construction sector is below 10%, meaning that the sector has a very slow absorption rate of digital technologies, according to the Digital Transformation Scoreboard 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/2018-20/4_desi_report_integration_of_digital_technology_B61BEB6B-F21D-9DD7-72F1FAA836E36515_52243.pdf]] A key issue for the manufacturing sector is that its complex supply and value chains are heavily affected by the current pandemic crisis, and the sector needs to further develop resilience against financial and technical disruptions.

In addition, the Union’s process industries are important to its economy, its resilience and its environmental credentials. Process industries are responsible for a turnover of > 2 trillion, 8.5 million direct jobs and 20 million indirect jobs. They represent 0.5 million enterprises and 5 % of the EU27 GDP. The process industry however faces two key challenges: a strong global competition, and an environmental challenge. In particular, energy-intensive industries are resource intensive, using extensive amounts of raw materials (often imported and fossil based). In their operations, they generate large amounts of waste, 20% of global greenhouse gases (GHG) but also pollutants. The industries need to transform itself to decrease GHG and pollutant emissions, its resource utilisation and its overall environmental impact. It will have to achieve climate neutrality, near zero waste, zero pollution and zero landfill by 2050 at the latest. By 2030, decisive steps need to be taken given the long investment cycles these industries are facing. As the process industry is transforming primary raw materials into materials ready for use by the manufacturing industry, it will play a key role in the pathways toward circularity of materials by transforming industrial and end-of-life waste into secondary raw materials leading to the same quality output in the newly produced materials.

In the first Work Programme, outcomes of R&I investments in the long-term will focus on the following impacts:

• Accelerate the twin green and digital transition of the manufacturing and construction sectors;
• Create a new green, flexible and digital way to build and produce goods. This will lead to sustainable, flexible, responsive and resilient factories and value chains, enabled by digitisation, AI, data sharing, advanced robotics and modularity. At the same time it will help reduce CO2 emissions and waste in these sectors, and enhance the durability, reparability and re-cycling of products/components. It will also ensure better and more efficient use of construction-generated data to sustain competitiveness and greening of the sector;
• Make the jobs of the humans working in the manufacturing and construction sectors more attractive and safer, and point the way to opportunities for upskilling;
• Set out a credible pathway to contributing to climate neutral, circular and digitalised energy intensive industries;
• Increase productivity, innovation capacity, resilience, sustainability and global competitiveness of European energy intensive industries. This includes as many as possible new large hubs for circularity by 2025 (TRL 7 or above); developing sustainable ways for circular utilisation of waste streams and CO2/CO streams; and electrifying industry to enable and foster a switch to a renewable energy system;
• Contribute to a substantial reduction of waste and CO2 emissions, turning them into alternative feedstocks to replace fossil-based raw materials and decrease reliance on imports.

In order to achieve the expected outcomes, for particular topics international cooperation is clearly not mandatory but advised with some regions or countries to get internationally connected and add additional specific expertise and value to the activities.

In line with the European Green Deal objectives, research and innovation activities should comply with the ‘do no significant harm’ principle[[as per Article 17 of Regulation (EU) No 2020/852 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment (EU Taxonomy Regulation)]]. Compliance needs to be assessed both for activities carried out during the course of the project as well as the expected life cycle impact of the innovation at a commercialisation stage (where relevant). The robustness of the compliance must be customised to the envisaged TRL of the project. In this regard, the potential harm of Innovation Actions contributing to the European Green Deal will be monitored throughout the project duration.

To achieve wider effects activities beyond R&I investments will be needed. Three co-programmed partnerships will enhance dissemination, community building and foster spillover effects: Made in Europe for the manufacturing sectors, Clean Steel and Processes4Planet for the energy intensive industries. This destination has strong links to other clusters in Pillar II, notably Cluster 5 for the activities related to the integration of renewables and thermal energy management in industry, and with the European Innovation Council and Pillar III of Horizon Europe given the strong role of SMEs in the development of the innovations planned. Synergies will be sought to access blended funding and finance from other EU programmes; testing and deployment activities under the Digital Europe Programme (DEP); links to the EIT (Manufacturing and Digital KICs); and links to the thematic smart specialisation platform on industrial modernisation.

Much of the research and innovation supported under this Destination may serve as a cradle for the New European Bauhaus: this is about designing sustainable ways of living, situated at the crossroads between art, culture, social inclusion, science and technology. This includes R&I on manufacturing, construction, advanced materials and the circular economy approaches.

Business cases and exploitation strategies for industrialisation: This section applies only to those topics in this Destination, for which proposals should demonstrate the expected impact by including a business case and exploitation strategy for industrialisation.

The business case should demonstrate the expected impact of the proposal in terms of enhanced market opportunities for the participants and enhanced manufacturing capacities in the EU, in the short to medium term. It should describe the targeted market(s); estimated market size in the EU and globally; user and customer needs; and demonstrate that the solutions will match the market and user needs in a cost-effective manner; and describe the expected market position and competitive advantage.

The exploitation strategy should identify obstacles, requirements and necessary actions involved in reaching higher TRLs, for example: matching value chains, enhancing product robustness; securing industrial integrators; and user acceptance.

For TRLs 7-8, a credible strategy to achieve future full-scale manufacturing in the EU is expected, indicating the commitments of the industrial partners after the end of the project.

Activities beyond R&I investments will be needed to realise the expected impacts: these include the further development of skills and competencies (also via the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, in particular EIT Manufacturing); and the use of financial products under the InvestEU Fund for further commercialisation of R&I outcomes.

Where relevant, in the context of skills, it is recommended to develop training material to endow workers with the right skillset in order to support the uptake and deployment of new innovative products, services, and processes developed in the different projects. This material should be tested and be scalable, and can potentially be up-scaled through the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+). This will help the European labour force to close the skill gaps in the relevant sectors and occupational groups and improve employment and social levels across the EU and associated countries.

The topics serving these objectives are structured as follows:

• Green, flexible and advanced manufacturing
• Advanced digital technologies for manufacturing
• A new way to build, accelerating disruptive change in construction
• Hubs for circularity, a stepping stone towards climate neutrality and circularity in industry
• Enabling circularity of resources in the process industries, including waste, water and CO2/CO
• Integration of Renewables and Electrification in process industry

show more…Topic conditions and documents

General conditions

1. Admissibility conditions: described in Annex A and Annex E of the Horizon Europe Work Programme General Annexes.

Proposal page limits and layout: described in Part B of the Application Form available in the Submission System.

2. Eligible countries: described in Annex B of the Work Programme General Annexes.

A number of non-EU/non-Associated Countries that are not automatically eligible for funding have made specific provisions for making funding available for their participants in Horizon Europe projects. See the information in the Horizon Europe Programme Guide.

3. Other eligibility conditions: described in Annex B of the Work Programme General Annexes.

4. Financial and operational capacity and exclusion: described in Annex C of the Work Programme General Annexes.

5. Evaluation and award:

Award criteria, scoring and thresholds are described in Annex D of the Work Programme General Annexes.

Submission and evaluation processes are described in Annex F of the Work Programme General Annexes and the Online Manual.

Indicative timeline for evaluation and grant agreement: described in Annex F of the Work Programme General Annexes.

6. Legal and financial set-up of the grants: described in Annex G of the Work Programme General Annexes.

Specific conditions

7. Specific conditions: described in the specific topic of the Work Programme.

Documents

Call documents:

Standard application form (HE RIA, IA) — call-specific application form is available in the Submission System

Standard evaluation form (HE RIA, IA) — will be used with the necessary adaptations

HE General MGA v1.0 — MGA

Additional documents:

HE Main Work Programme 2021–2022 – 1. General Introduction

HE Main Work Programme 2021–2022 – 7. Digital, Industry and Space

HE Main Work Programme 2021–2022 – 13. General Annexes

HE Programme Guide

HE Framework Programme and Rules for Participation Regulation 2021/695

HE Specific Programme Decision 2021/764

EU Financial Regulation

Rules for Legal Entity Validation, LEAR Appointment and Financial Capacity Assessment

EU Grants AGA — Annotated Model Grant Agreement

Funding & Tenders Portal Online Manual

Funding & Tenders Portal Terms and Conditions

Funding & Tenders Portal Privacy Statement

Rayleigh Criterion | COSMOS (swin.edu.au)

The Rayleigh criterion specifies the minimum separation between two light sources that may be resolved into distinct objects.

When a point source, such as a star, is observed through a telescope with a circular aperture, the image is not a point source – it is a disk surrounded by a number of very faint rings. These rings are produced by Fraunhofer diffraction of the light by the circular aperture. In this case, the irradiance, I(θ), is

where I(0) is the peak irradiance at the centre of the diffraction pattern, D=2a is the diameter of the aperture, k is the wave number and J₁(u) is the first order Bessel function.

The central region of the profile, from the peak to the first minimum, is called the Airy disk. It has an angular radius given by:

or

using the small angle approximation that sin θ ≈ θ (where θ is measured in radians).

If we have two point or more point sources very close together, their Airy disks will overlap. It is only possible to resolve a pair of sources if the central peaks of the two diffraction patterns are no closer than the radius of the Airy disk. This is known as the Rayleigh Criterion and was named for John William Strut, the 3rd Baron Rayleigh.

These two stars are clearly resolvable, as their Airy disks do not overlap.	These two stars are just resolvable – although the Airy disks overlap, they are separated by more than the Airy disk radius.	These two stars are not resolvable.
The overlapping irradiance patterns from two stars.